This project uses LM324N op-amps to implement a two-stage signal generator capable of producing triangle, square, and sine waves.
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Stage 1 – Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO):
Generates triangle and square waveforms. The VCO is built around an LM324N op-amp configuration that integrates and switches to create both waveforms simultaneously. -
Stage 2 – Sine Wave Shaper:
A differential amplifier stage converts the triangle wave into a sine wave using the hyperbolic tangent relationship of the op-amp’s transfer curve.
The design was first simulated in Multisim Live and then replicated in LTspice for further analysis and verification.
Circuit:
Output:
Circuit:
Output:
Full Circuit:
