GH-48957: [Benchmarking] Add temporal type support to benchmarks

[HyukjinKwon]

Rationale for this change

The Python benchmark suite was missing coverage for temporal types (date, timestamp, time, duration), making it difficult to check performance of temporal type conversions over time. There was a TODO comment in convert_builtins.py for this.

What changes are included in this PR?

• Added temporal type generators to benchmarks/common.py for date, timestamp, time, and duration
• Extended convert_builtins.py, microbenchmarks.py, and array_ops.py benchmarks to include temporal types

Are these changes tested?

Tested as follows:

cd /.../arrow/python
pip install -e . --no-build-isolation
asv run --show-stderr --bench "convert_builtins" -E existing
asv run --show-stderr --bench "microbenchmarks" -E existing
asv run --show-stderr --bench "array_ops" -E existing

Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

• GitHub Issue: [Benchmarking] Add temporal type support to benchmarks #48957

[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #48957 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.