diff --git a/.github/workflows/build-ultraplot.yml b/.github/workflows/build-ultraplot.yml
index 6d6b51deb..fac1f98f0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build-ultraplot.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build-ultraplot.yml
@@ -37,6 +37,12 @@ jobs:
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
+      - name: Install CA certificates (act)
+        if: ${{ env.ACT }}
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install -y ca-certificates
+
       - uses: mamba-org/setup-micromamba@v2.0.7
         with:
           environment-file: ./environment.yml
@@ -54,34 +60,27 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Test Ultraplot
         run: |
-          status=0
-          filter_nodeids() {
-            local filtered=""
-            for nodeid in ${TEST_NODEIDS}; do
-              local path="${nodeid%%::*}"
-              if [ -f "$path" ]; then
-                filtered="${filtered} ${nodeid}"
+          if [ "${TEST_MODE}" = "selected" ] && [ -n "${TEST_NODEIDS}" ]; then
+            nodeids=()
+            for token in ${TEST_NODEIDS}; do
+              if [[ "${token}" == *"::"* || "${token}" == *.py ]]; then
+                nodeids+=("${token}")
               fi
             done
-            echo "${filtered}"
-          }
-          if [ "${TEST_MODE}" = "selected" ] && [ -n "${TEST_NODEIDS}" ]; then
-            FILTERED_NODEIDS="$(filter_nodeids)"
-            if [ -z "${FILTERED_NODEIDS}" ]; then
-              echo "No valid nodeids found; running full suite."
-              pytest -q --tb=short --disable-warnings -n 0 ultraplot || status=$?
+            if [ "${#nodeids[@]}" -gt 0 ]; then
+              pytest --cov=ultraplot --cov-branch --cov-report term-missing --cov-report=xml "${nodeids[@]}"
             else
-              pytest -q --tb=short --disable-warnings -n 0 ${FILTERED_NODEIDS} || status=$?
-              if [ "$status" -eq 4 ] || [ "$status" -eq 5 ]; then
-                echo "No tests collected from selected nodeids; running full suite."
-                status=0
-                pytest -q --tb=short --disable-warnings -n 0 ultraplot || status=$?
-              fi
+              pytest --cov=ultraplot --cov-branch --cov-report term-missing --cov-report=xml ultraplot
             fi
           else
-            pytest -q --tb=short --disable-warnings -n 0 ultraplot || status=$?
+            pytest --cov=ultraplot --cov-branch --cov-report term-missing --cov-report=xml ultraplot
           fi
-          exit "$status"
+
+      - name: Upload coverage reports to Codecov
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+        with:
+          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+          slug: Ultraplot/ultraplot
 
   compare-baseline:
     name: Compare baseline Python ${{ inputs.python-version }} with MPL ${{ inputs.matplotlib-version }}
@@ -96,6 +95,12 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
+      - name: Install CA certificates (act)
+        if: ${{ env.ACT }}
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install -y ca-certificates
+
       - uses: mamba-org/setup-micromamba@v2.0.7
         with:
           environment-file: ./environment.yml
@@ -115,9 +120,9 @@ jobs:
         with:
           path: ./ultraplot/tests/baseline # The directory to cache
           # Key is based on OS, Python/Matplotlib versions, and the base commit SHA
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-baseline-base-v2-${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}-${{ inputs.python-version }}-${{ inputs.matplotlib-version }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-baseline-base-${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}-${{ inputs.python-version }}-${{ inputs.matplotlib-version }}
           restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-baseline-base-v2-${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}-${{ inputs.python-version }}-${{ inputs.matplotlib-version }}-
+            ${{ runner.os }}-baseline-base-${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}-${{ inputs.python-version }}-${{ inputs.matplotlib-version }}-
 
       # Conditional Baseline Generation (Only runs on cache miss)
       - name: Generate baseline from main
@@ -137,41 +142,12 @@ jobs:
           # Generate the baseline images and hash library
           python -c "import ultraplot as plt; plt.config.Configurator()._save_yaml('ultraplot.yml')"
           if [ "${TEST_MODE}" = "selected" ] && [ -n "${TEST_NODEIDS}" ]; then
-            status=0
-            filter_nodeids() {
-              local filtered=""
-              for nodeid in ${TEST_NODEIDS}; do
-                local path="${nodeid%%::*}"
-                if [ -f "$path" ]; then
-                  filtered="${filtered} ${nodeid}"
-                fi
-              done
-              echo "${filtered}"
-            }
-            FILTERED_NODEIDS="$(filter_nodeids)"
-            if [ -z "${FILTERED_NODEIDS}" ]; then
-              echo "No valid nodeids found; running full suite."
-              pytest -q --tb=short --disable-warnings -W ignore \
-                --mpl-generate-path=./ultraplot/tests/baseline/ \
-                --mpl-default-style="./ultraplot.yml" \
-                ultraplot/tests || status=$?
-            else
-              pytest -q --tb=short --disable-warnings -W ignore \
+            pytest -W ignore \
               --mpl-generate-path=./ultraplot/tests/baseline/ \
               --mpl-default-style="./ultraplot.yml" \
-              ${FILTERED_NODEIDS} || status=$?
-              if [ "$status" -eq 4 ] || [ "$status" -eq 5 ]; then
-                echo "No tests collected from selected nodeids on base; running full suite."
-                status=0
-                pytest -q --tb=short --disable-warnings -W ignore \
-                  --mpl-generate-path=./ultraplot/tests/baseline/ \
-                  --mpl-default-style="./ultraplot.yml" \
-                  ultraplot/tests || status=$?
-              fi
-            fi
-            exit "$status"
+              ${TEST_NODEIDS}
           else
-            pytest -q --tb=short --disable-warnings -W ignore \
+            pytest -W ignore \
               --mpl-generate-path=./ultraplot/tests/baseline/ \
               --mpl-default-style="./ultraplot.yml" \
               ultraplot/tests
@@ -191,50 +167,15 @@ jobs:
           mkdir -p results
           python -c "import ultraplot as plt; plt.config.Configurator()._save_yaml('ultraplot.yml')"
           if [ "${TEST_MODE}" = "selected" ] && [ -n "${TEST_NODEIDS}" ]; then
-            status=0
-            filter_nodeids() {
-              local filtered=""
-              for nodeid in ${TEST_NODEIDS}; do
-                local path="${nodeid%%::*}"
-                if [ -f "$path" ]; then
-                  filtered="${filtered} ${nodeid}"
-                fi
-              done
-              echo "${filtered}"
-            }
-            FILTERED_NODEIDS="$(filter_nodeids)"
-            if [ -z "${FILTERED_NODEIDS}" ]; then
-              echo "No valid nodeids found; running full suite."
-              pytest -q --tb=short --disable-warnings -W ignore \
-                --mpl \
-                --mpl-baseline-path=./ultraplot/tests/baseline \
-                --mpl-results-path=./results/ \
-                --mpl-generate-summary=html \
-                --mpl-default-style="./ultraplot.yml" \
-                ultraplot/tests || status=$?
-            else
-              pytest -q --tb=short --disable-warnings -W ignore \
+            pytest -W ignore \
               --mpl \
               --mpl-baseline-path=./ultraplot/tests/baseline \
               --mpl-results-path=./results/ \
               --mpl-generate-summary=html \
               --mpl-default-style="./ultraplot.yml" \
-              ${FILTERED_NODEIDS} || status=$?
-              if [ "$status" -eq 4 ] || [ "$status" -eq 5 ]; then
-                echo "No tests collected from selected nodeids; running full suite."
-                status=0
-                pytest -q --tb=short --disable-warnings -W ignore \
-                  --mpl \
-                  --mpl-baseline-path=./ultraplot/tests/baseline \
-                  --mpl-results-path=./results/ \
-                  --mpl-generate-summary=html \
-                  --mpl-default-style="./ultraplot.yml" \
-                  ultraplot/tests || status=$?
-              fi
-            fi
-            exit "$status"
+              ${TEST_NODEIDS}
           else
-            pytest -q --tb=short --disable-warnings -W ignore \
+            pytest -W ignore \
               --mpl \
               --mpl-baseline-path=./ultraplot/tests/baseline \
               --mpl-results-path=./results/ \
diff --git a/.github/workflows/main.yml b/.github/workflows/main.yml
index c383287cb..5340c6549 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/main.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/main.yml
@@ -32,6 +32,12 @@ jobs:
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
+      - name: Install git (act)
+        if: ${{ env.ACT }}
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install -y git
+
       - name: Prepare workspace
         run: mkdir -p .ci
 
@@ -40,9 +46,9 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
         with:
           path: .ci/test-map.json
-          key: test-map-v2-${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}
+          key: test-map-${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}
           restore-keys: |
-            test-map-v2-
+            test-map-
 
       - name: Select impacted tests
         id: select
@@ -86,6 +92,12 @@ jobs:
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
+      - name: Install git (act)
+        if: ${{ env.ACT }}
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install -y git
+
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: "3.11"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-map.yml b/.github/workflows/test-map.yml
index a1e9ff107..9eb711919 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-map.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-map.yml
@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@ jobs:
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
+      - name: Install CA certificates (act)
+        if: ${{ env.ACT }}
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install -y ca-certificates
+
       - uses: mamba-org/setup-micromamba@v2.0.7
         with:
           environment-file: ./environment.yml
@@ -36,7 +42,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Generate test coverage map
         run: |
           mkdir -p .ci
-          pytest -q --tb=short --disable-warnings -n 0 -p pytest_cov --cov=ultraplot --cov-branch --cov-context=test --cov-report= ultraplot
+          pytest -n auto --cov=ultraplot --cov-branch --cov-context=test --cov-report= ultraplot
           python tools/ci/build_test_map.py --coverage-file .coverage --output .ci/test-map.json --root .
 
       - name: Cache test map
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 9872f5853..9a8d8c178 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -57,3 +57,8 @@ ignore = ["I001", "I002", "I003", "I004"]
 
 [tool.basedpyright]
 exclude = ["**/*.ipynb"]
+
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+filterwarnings = [
+    "ignore:'resetCache' deprecated - use 'reset_cache':DeprecationWarning:matplotlib._fontconfig_pattern",
+]
diff --git a/ultraplot/axes/base.py b/ultraplot/axes/base.py
index ef9d59b43..b4462ed32 100644
--- a/ultraplot/axes/base.py
+++ b/ultraplot/axes/base.py
@@ -3371,6 +3371,8 @@ def format(
         ultraplot.gridspec.SubplotGrid.format
         ultraplot.config.Configurator.context
         """
+        if self.figure is not None:
+            self.figure._layout_dirty = True
         skip_figure = kwargs.pop("skip_figure", False)  # internal keyword arg
         params = _pop_params(kwargs, self.figure._format_signature)
 
diff --git a/ultraplot/figure.py b/ultraplot/figure.py
index 01d449d36..5536f22fc 100644
--- a/ultraplot/figure.py
+++ b/ultraplot/figure.py
@@ -476,6 +476,17 @@ def _canvas_preprocess(self, *args, **kwargs):
             else:
                 return
 
+        skip_autolayout = getattr(fig, "_skip_autolayout", False)
+        layout_dirty = getattr(fig, "_layout_dirty", False)
+        if (
+            skip_autolayout
+            and getattr(fig, "_layout_initialized", False)
+            and not layout_dirty
+        ):
+            fig._skip_autolayout = False
+            return func(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        fig._skip_autolayout = False
+
         # Adjust layout
         # NOTE: The authorized_context is needed because some backends disable
         # constrained layout or tight layout before printing the figure.
@@ -483,7 +494,10 @@ def _canvas_preprocess(self, *args, **kwargs):
         ctx2 = fig._context_authorized()  # skip backend set_constrained_layout()
         ctx3 = rc.context(fig._render_context)  # draw with figure-specific setting
         with ctx1, ctx2, ctx3:
-            fig.auto_layout()
+            if not fig._layout_initialized or layout_dirty:
+                fig.auto_layout()
+                fig._layout_initialized = True
+                fig._layout_dirty = False
             return func(self, *args, **kwargs)
 
     # Add preprocessor
@@ -797,6 +811,9 @@ def __init__(
         self._subplot_counter = 0  # avoid add_subplot() returning an existing subplot
         self._is_adjusting = False
         self._is_authorized = False
+        self._layout_initialized = False
+        self._layout_dirty = True
+        self._skip_autolayout = False
         self._includepanels = None
         self._render_context = {}
         rc_kw, rc_mode = _pop_rc(kwargs)
@@ -1546,6 +1563,7 @@ def _add_figure_panel(
         """
         Add a figure panel.
         """
+        self._layout_dirty = True
         # Interpret args and enforce sensible keyword args
         side = _translate_loc(side, "panel", default="right")
         if side in ("left", "right"):
@@ -1579,6 +1597,7 @@ def _add_subplot(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """
         The driver function for adding single subplots.
         """
+        self._layout_dirty = True
         # Parse arguments
         kwargs = self._parse_proj(**kwargs)
 
@@ -2549,6 +2568,7 @@ def format(
         ultraplot.gridspec.SubplotGrid.format
         ultraplot.config.Configurator.context
         """
+        self._layout_dirty = True
         # Initiate context block
         axs = axs or self._subplot_dict.values()
         skip_axes = kwargs.pop("skip_axes", False)  # internal keyword arg
@@ -3134,6 +3154,17 @@ def set_canvas(self, canvas):
         # method = '_draw' if callable(getattr(canvas, '_draw', None)) else 'draw'
         _add_canvas_preprocessor(canvas, "print_figure", cache=False)  # saves, inlines
         _add_canvas_preprocessor(canvas, method, cache=True)  # renderer displays
+
+        orig_draw_idle = getattr(type(canvas), "draw_idle", None)
+        if orig_draw_idle is not None:
+
+            def _draw_idle(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                fig = self.figure
+                if fig is not None:
+                    fig._skip_autolayout = True
+                return orig_draw_idle(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+            canvas.draw_idle = _draw_idle.__get__(canvas)
         super().set_canvas(canvas)
 
     def _is_same_size(self, figsize, eps=None):
@@ -3200,6 +3231,8 @@ def set_size_inches(self, w, h=None, *, forward=True, internal=False, eps=None):
             super().set_size_inches(figsize, forward=forward)
         if not samesize:  # gridspec positions will resolve differently
             self.gridspec.update()
+            if not backend and not internal:
+                self._layout_dirty = True
 
     def _iter_axes(self, hidden=False, children=False, panels=True):
         """
diff --git a/ultraplot/tests/test_animation.py b/ultraplot/tests/test_animation.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6e8ad2efc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ultraplot/tests/test_animation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock
+
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+from matplotlib.animation import FuncAnimation
+
+import ultraplot as uplt
+
+
+def test_auto_layout_not_called_on_every_frame():
+    """
+    Test that auto_layout is not called on every frame of a FuncAnimation.
+    """
+    fig, ax = uplt.subplots()
+    fig.auto_layout = MagicMock()
+
+    x = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 100)
+    y = np.sin(x)
+    (line,) = ax.plot(x, y)
+
+    def update(frame):
+        line.set_ydata(np.sin(x + frame / 10.0))
+        return (line,)
+
+    ani = FuncAnimation(fig, update, frames=10, blit=False)
+    # The animation is not actually run, but the initial draw will call auto_layout once
+    fig.canvas.draw()
+
+    assert fig.auto_layout.call_count == 1
+
+
+def test_draw_idle_skips_auto_layout_after_first_draw():
+    """
+    draw_idle should not re-run auto_layout after the initial draw.
+    """
+    fig, ax = uplt.subplots()
+    fig.auto_layout = MagicMock()
+
+    fig.canvas.draw()
+    assert fig.auto_layout.call_count == 1
+
+    fig.canvas.draw_idle()
+    assert fig.auto_layout.call_count == 1
+
+
+def test_layout_array_no_crash():
+    """
+    Test that using layout_array with FuncAnimation does not crash.
+    """
+    layout = [[1, 1], [2, 3]]
+    fig, axs = uplt.subplots(array=layout)
+
+    def update(frame):
+        for ax in axs:
+            ax.clear()
+            ax.plot(np.sin(np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi) + frame / 10.0))
+
+    ani = FuncAnimation(fig, update, frames=10)
+    # The test passes if no exception is raised
+    fig.canvas.draw()
diff --git a/ultraplot/tests/test_tickers.py b/ultraplot/tests/test_tickers.py
index bfb3d6e33..1bc40fdd0 100644
--- a/ultraplot/tests/test_tickers.py
+++ b/ultraplot/tests/test_tickers.py
@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
-import pytest, numpy as np, xarray as xr, ultraplot as uplt, cftime
-from ultraplot.ticker import AutoCFDatetimeLocator
-from unittest.mock import patch
 import importlib
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
 import cartopy.crs as ccrs
+import cftime
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+import xarray as xr
+
+import ultraplot as uplt
+from ultraplot.ticker import AutoCFDatetimeLocator
 
 
 @pytest.mark.mpl_image_compare
@@ -267,16 +273,20 @@ def test_missing_modules(module_name):
             assert cftime is None
         elif module_name == "ccrs":
             from ultraplot.ticker import (
-                ccrs,
                 LatitudeFormatter,
                 LongitudeFormatter,
                 _PlateCarreeFormatter,
+                ccrs,
             )
 
             assert ccrs is None
             assert LatitudeFormatter is object
             assert LongitudeFormatter is object
             assert _PlateCarreeFormatter is object
+    # Restore module state for subsequent tests.
+    import ultraplot.ticker
+
+    importlib.reload(ultraplot.ticker)
 
 
 def test_index_locator():
@@ -478,9 +488,10 @@ def test_auto_datetime_locator_tick_values(
     expected_exception,
     expected_resolution,
 ):
-    from ultraplot.ticker import AutoCFDatetimeLocator
     import cftime
 
+    from ultraplot.ticker import AutoCFDatetimeLocator
+
     locator = AutoCFDatetimeLocator(calendar=calendar)
     resolution = expected_resolution
     if expected_exception == ValueError:
@@ -659,10 +670,11 @@ def test_frac_formatter(formatter_args, value, expected):
 
 
 def test_frac_formatter_unicode_minus():
-    from ultraplot.ticker import FracFormatter
-    from ultraplot.config import rc
     import numpy as np
 
+    from ultraplot.config import rc
+    from ultraplot.ticker import FracFormatter
+
     formatter = FracFormatter(symbol=r"$\\pi$", number=np.pi)
     with rc.context({"axes.unicode_minus": True}):
         assert formatter(-np.pi / 2) == r"−$\\pi$/2"
@@ -675,9 +687,10 @@ def test_frac_formatter_unicode_minus():
     ],
 )
 def test_cfdatetime_formatter_direct_call(fmt, calendar, dt_args, expected):
-    from ultraplot.ticker import CFDatetimeFormatter
     import cftime
 
+    from ultraplot.ticker import CFDatetimeFormatter
+
     formatter = CFDatetimeFormatter(fmt, calendar=calendar)
     dt = cftime.datetime(*dt_args, calendar=calendar)
     assert formatter(dt) == expected
@@ -694,9 +707,10 @@ def test_cfdatetime_formatter_direct_call(fmt, calendar, dt_args, expected):
 def test_autocftime_locator_subdaily(
     start_date_str, end_date_str, calendar, resolution
 ):
-    from ultraplot.ticker import AutoCFDatetimeLocator
     import cftime
 
+    from ultraplot.ticker import AutoCFDatetimeLocator
+
     locator = AutoCFDatetimeLocator(calendar=calendar)
     units = locator.date_unit
 
@@ -718,9 +732,10 @@ def test_autocftime_locator_subdaily(
 
 
 def test_autocftime_locator_safe_helpers():
-    from ultraplot.ticker import AutoCFDatetimeLocator
     import cftime
 
+    from ultraplot.ticker import AutoCFDatetimeLocator
+
     # Test _safe_num2date with invalid value
     locator_gregorian = AutoCFDatetimeLocator(calendar="gregorian")
     with pytest.raises(OverflowError):
@@ -740,9 +755,10 @@ def test_autocftime_locator_safe_helpers():
     ],
 )
 def test_auto_formatter_options(formatter_args, values, expected, ylim):
-    from ultraplot.ticker import AutoFormatter
     import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
+    from ultraplot.ticker import AutoFormatter
+
     fig, ax = plt.subplots()
     formatter = AutoFormatter(**formatter_args)
     ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(formatter)
@@ -771,9 +787,10 @@ def test_autocftime_locator_safe_daily_locator():
 
 
 def test_latitude_locator():
-    from ultraplot.ticker import LatitudeLocator
     import numpy as np
 
+    from ultraplot.ticker import LatitudeLocator
+
     locator = LatitudeLocator()
     ticks = np.array(locator.tick_values(-100, 100))
     assert np.all(ticks >= -90)
@@ -781,10 +798,11 @@ def test_latitude_locator():
 
 
 def test_cftime_converter():
-    from ultraplot.ticker import CFTimeConverter, cftime
-    from ultraplot.config import rc
     import numpy as np
 
+    from ultraplot.config import rc
+    from ultraplot.ticker import CFTimeConverter, cftime
+
     converter = CFTimeConverter()
 
     # test default_units